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The Conquest of MakkahLevel2P1 THE CONQUEST OF MAKKAHIn accordance with the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, the Muslims were permittedto perform the '; the followingyear. Therefore in Zul Qadah 7 A.H. Rasulullahgathered all the Sahaba (R.A.) who had been deprived of the opportunityto perform the 'Umrah' the previous year, to prepare for the journey toMakkah. Other Sahaba (R.A.) also joined the group.Rasulullahled this group of 2000 Muslims towards Makkah.

As a precautionary measure,the Muslims took a few weapons and a hundred horses because the Quraishwere unpredictable where a 'treaty' was concerned. Reaching the borderof Makkah Nabileft the horses and weapons at Batan Ya Hooj in the care of 200 Muslims.The Muslims then entered Makkah and went into the 'Haram' (Holy courtyardof the Ka'bah). The 200 Muslims left outside Makkah were able to completetheir Umrah at a later stage.When Nabireached the Ka'bah he wrapped his Ihram (mantle) under his right arm, bearinghis shoulder and praying:'O Allah have mercy on anyone performing this Umrah today'.Nabithen stopped near the Hajre Aswad (Black Stone) to begin the Tawaaf (circumambulation)of the Ka'bah. The first three circuits were made with a swift marchpace (called 'Ramal), with view of proving the fine state of health ofthe believers to the kuffaar looking on. The kuffaar shook their headsgloomily saying to each other:'So these are the men described to us as weakened by the heat and feverof Al-Madinah'.Deep down in their heart, the Kuffaar were forced to confess that suchmen as these, their mental well-being surpassing even their bodily healthwere unconquerable.The Muslims ran between Safaa and Maarwah; they sacrificed animals andshaved their heads bare. Rasulullahwas aware of the time limit of three days allowed to the Muslims to stayin Makkah and he had no intention of breaking his promise.

At the end ofthe third day, the leaders of the Quraish lost no time in creating a commotionand fuss to remind the Muslims to leave Makkah. During the short stay inMakkah, Rasulullahmarried widowed Hazrat Maymoonah binte Harith (R.A.).In due course, Islam spread far and wide. The younger generation ofthe Quraish were being drawn towards Islam. But the older people wouldnot leave their ideology of pagan worship.The Treaty of Hudaybiyah prescribed that any non-Makkan wishing to jointhe camp of Rasulullahor that of the Quraish may do so without obstructions. On the basis ofthis agreement the tribe Khuza'ah joined the ranks of Rasulullahand that of the Banu Bakr joined the Quraish.

Between Khuza'ah and BanuBakr a number of old unsettled blood feuds had to be suspended on accountof the treaty. It was not long before the idolaters of Makkah violatedthe ten years truce (peace) signed at Hudaybiyah.

The Banu ak Dil, a clanof Banu Nakr encouraged by the Quraish, especially by Ikramah ibn Abu Jahland others who furnished them with arms and equipment launched an attackon the Khuza'ah tribesman camping near a well of theirs called 'Al-Watir'.The Khuza'ah party fled to Makkah and took refuge in the house of Budaylibn Warqa. They complained to him that the Quraish and their Banu Bakrallies violated their treaty with Rasulullah.After running in full haste towards Madinah, Amr ibn Salim al Khuza'irelated to Rasulullahand the Muslims in Masjid-e-Nabawi what had happened and asked forassistance. Rasulullahanswered:'Certainly,O, Amr ibn Salim, we shall come to your rescue'.Another group of Khuza'ah tribesman together with their Makkan host,Budayl ibn Warqa followed him and confirmed their predecessor's report.The region of inequity and oppression had lasted too long at Makkah,and this flagrant violation by the Quraish of the Treaty was forcing hishand to conquer Makkah, Rasulullahsent word to the Muslims all over Arabian Peninsula to get together atonce.

The reason for this call, however, he kept as a secret.The wise elders of the Quraish realized the danger to which Ikrimahibn Abu Jahl and his youthful companions had exposed Makkah, for theiraction was a clear violation of the Hudaybiyah Treaty. Should Muhammeddecide to avenge his Khuza'ah allies against the Makkans, the holy citywould be exposed to the strongest danger.

What should they do? It occurredto them to send Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb to Madinah to reaffirm the Treaty.Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb, chief statesman and leader of Makkah proceeded toMadinah to conduct negotiations.On his arrival to Madinah he decided that he had better see his daughter,Umme Habiba (R.A.), the wife of Rasulullah,rather than Muhammedhimself.After the treacherous violation of the Treaty of Hubaybiyah by the Makkans,Hazrat Umme Habiba (R.A.) knew well Rasulullah 'sfeelings regarding the Quraish, though she did not know of his plans forMakkah. Entering into his daughters house, Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb was about to situpon the mattress of Rasulullahwhen Hazrat Umme Habiba (R.A.) moved it away. When he asked her whethershe had done so in order to save her father from the mattress or the mattressfrom her father, she replied:'This is the mattress of the Rasool of Allah.

You are an idolater andhence impure. You may not therefore be allowed to sit on Rasulullah 'smattress'.Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb was angered by this reply and left the house saying tohis daughter:'By God after you left my house, you must have become utterly mad'.His strategy exposed, he proceeded to see Rasulullah.Rasulullah,however, refused to give him an audience. Thereafter he approached HazratAbu Bakr Siddique (R.A.), Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) and Hazrat Aliibn Abu Talib (R.A.) to intervene on his behalf and reaffirm the treatyThe common reply was that nobody could change the mind of Raulullahonce it was made up.Finally, Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb went to Masjid-e-Nabawi and there proclaimed onbehalf of his tribe, the Banu Kinanah, his willingness to make peace withthe people. He then mounted his horse and returned to Makkah.

His heartwas full of sorrow and his pride badly wounded partly by his own daughterand partly by the rejection of those, who prior to their emigration fromMakkah, had longed for the least bit of consideration or compassion fromthe Kuffar leader.Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb returned to Makkah and reported to his people the frustrationof his effort to reaffirm the peace treaty. He informed them of his proclamationin Masjid-e-Nabawi and Rasulullah 'srefusal to come to any new term; the Kuffar had boken the treaty.Rasulullahwas now fully convinced that the time had eventually arrived to free thesacred land of the Ka'ba from intrigue and sedition of the kuffaar. Itwas Rasulullah 'splan not to give the Quraish the time to prepare for war. Having confidencein Allah's assistance, Rasulullahsought to suprise the enemy before they could build up their defense. Hisaim was to conquer without bloodshed. He therefore first commanded thepeople to get ready and inform them of his plans for Makkah later.

He askedthe Muslims to hurry and made dua that the Quraish would not find out hisplans before it was too late. While the Muslim army prepared to leave Madinah,Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) rote a letter informing the Quraishabout the Muslim move. He gave it to a women called Sarah, a client ofsome members of the house of Banu 'Abd al Muttalib. He commanded her totake it to Makkah and hand it over to the Quraish leaders.

Rasulullahcame to know by Divine inspiration of Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.)attempt and sent Hazrat Ali ibn Abu Talib (R.A.) and Hazrat Zubayr` ibnAl Awwam to intercept the messenger. She was arrested and her horse andsaddle searched, but no letter was found. Hazrat Ali (R.A.) threatenedher that unless she produce the letter voluntarily, he would be forcedto search her own person and to unveil her body in the process. When thewomen realized how serious Hazrat Ali (R.A.) was she unloosened the plaitsof her hair, brought out the letter and handed it over. The women was returnedto Madinah and Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) was called to givean explanation of his action.In his own defense Hazrat Hatib ibn Abu Balta'ah (R.A.) said:'O Rasoolof Allah, by Allah I swear, that I am still a believer in Allah and hisRasoolMy Imaan (faith) has not changed by one jot or bit. But I am a man herein the Muslim camp having no relations, family or clan, Whereas in Makkah,I have children. Family and relatives whom I want no evil to befall'.Rasulullahforgave him for his ill action.On the 10th Ramadhaan 8 A.H.

The Muslim army proceeded from Madinahto Makkah determined to conquer that city and taking the holy Haram whichAllah declared for all mankind. This army had more men than Madinah hadever seen before. The tribe of Sulaym, Muzaynah, Ghatafaan and others joinedthe Muhajireen and Ansaars in such numbers and with such weapons that thewide expanse of the desert was filled with them.They moved fast, and at every station many more tribes joined theirranks and added to their weaponry and equipment.

Every soul was filledwith the faith of Islam and had no doubt that Allah's help will bring victory.Rasulullahled this army at the forefront. His greatest concern was to seize the holyKa'bah without shedding any unnecessary Blood.

By the time the army arrivedat Zahraan, 8 kilometers from Makkah, its number had reached 10,000.Until then the kuffaar of Makkah knew nothing about the advancing army.In the mean time, the kuffaar leaders continued to consult with oneanother regarding the measures to be taken by them to meet the Muslim anger.Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) the uncle of Rasulullahwithdrew from the discussion, took all the members of his family and wentto the direction of Madinah. At Juhfa he met Rasulullahand embraced Islam.The Quraish felt gravely scared ever since the Muslims arrived at Zahraan.They sent Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb, Budayl ibn Warqa and Hakim ibn Hazzam,the relatives of binteKhuwaylid (R.A.) to survey the field and assess the danger. While ridingin the area of Rasulullah 'swhite mule, Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (R.A.) overheard a conversationbetween Abu Soofyan and Budayl ibn Warqa.

Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib(R.A.) recognized the voice of Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb and called out to him:'Watch out O Abu Soofyaan! What you see is the Rasulof Allah leading his people. Misfortune will befall the Quraish tomorrowmorning, when his army storms the city'.Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb exclaimed:'What shall we do?Hazrat Abbas (R.A.) invited him to mount his mule, send his companionsback to Makkah and returned with him to the Muslim camp. Before reachingthe Muslim camp Hazrat Ummar ibn Khattab (R.A.) recognized Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb.He hurried to the tent of Nabiand asked for permission to strike the neck of Abu Soofyaan. Hazrat Abbas(R.A.) entered the tent saying:'O Rasulof Allah, I have extended my protection to this man'.Rasulullahsaid:'O Abbas, take your guest to your tent and bring him over in the morning'.The following morning Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb was brought before Rasulullahand he accepted Islam. Hazrat Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib(R.A.) said:O Rasoolof Allah Abu Soofyaan is a proud man. Would you not grant him some privilege?'

Rasulullahdeclared:'Any person who takes refuge in Abu Soofyaan ibn Harab's house shallfind security; any person who shuts himself up in his own house shall findsecurity and any person who enters Haram (courtyard) of the Ka'ba shallbe considered safe'.Rasulullahprepared to enter Makkah. Each of the Muslim commanders proudly displayedthe banner of Islam and cries of 'Allahu Akbar' (Allah is great) echoedin unison around Makkah. Hazrat Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb (R.A.) was given an elevatedposition on a hilltop to review the columns of the Muslim army enteringMakkah.

He repeated Rasulullah 'spromise of safety to those who took shelter in his house or in the courtyardof the Ka'ba. Rasulullah's greatest desire at the time was to avoid any bloodshed if possible.The spectacle of Rasulullahastride his famous camel 'al Qaswa', entering the city from the upper endof Makkah and all the while reciting Surah Fatah, was a sight the Sahaba(R.A.) would never forget. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) enterd Makkahfrom the lower end of the city with his army where he had to put down someresistance from Safwan ibn Ummayyah, Suhail ibn Umr, Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahland their men. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (R.A.) and his men quickly dispersedthem, with Sawan ibn Umayyah, Suhayil ibn Amr and Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahltaking flight as soon as they realised the hopelessness of their resistance.Rasulullahand the Muhajireen were overwhelmed at the thought of their Hijrat andnow their triumphant return with such splendor and glory of Islam for whichthey had sacrificed so much for the pleasure of Allah. Rasulullah, moved by the sight of Makkah and by the remembrance of Allah's wahi (revelation),let tears fall from his eyes as he thanked Allah, praised Him, and witnessedthat there is no truth and no power except in Allah. So emotional wereall these feelings that Rasulullahrode towards the Ka'ba where he performed the 'tawaf (circumambulation)seven times while he was still astride his mount.

He then dismounted andcalled upon Uthman ibn Abu Talhah to open the Ka'ba for him.Rasulullahordered the destruction of the idols while reciting:'Truth has come and Falsehood vanished and no more shall falsehoodreturn' (Sahih al-Bukhari.)The idols where then torn down and broken, and the House of Allah waspurified. That which Rasulullahhad called for during the last twenty years was now accomplished. Thatwhich Makkah had opposed most strongly was now a fact of history. The destructionof the idols and the wiping put of Paganism in the holy sanctuary wasnow completed before the very eyes of the Quraish. The Makkan idols, theobjects of reverence and worship inherited from the ancestors, crumbledto bits under the hammering blows.Rasulullahthen delivered his historical Khutbah (sermon) from the doorway of theKa'ba:'Allah is one and He has no partner.

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He has fulfilledHis promise to his believers and defeated those whodo not believe. It will not be permissible for anyonewho believes in Allah and His Rasoolto kill anyone in Makkah. Nor shall any one destroy the greeneryof Makkah. I have forbidden the practice of all customof the age of illiteracy; but the care of the Ka'ba andthe supply of Zam Zam water shall be continued asbefore. O people of Quraish, Allah forbids you to displayyour pride and arrogance and glorify your ancestory.All men were created from Adam and Adam (A.S.)had been created from dust.

O men of Quraish what doyou think I am about to do with you?' Everything good',they answered, 'for you are a noble brother and a noblenephew of ours'. Rasulullahsaid: ' Well I am telling younow what Yusuf (A.S.) said to his brothers:'Today there is no reproach against you. Go, you are allfree'.With these words Rasulullahgave a general amnesty to all the Quraish and all the Makkans. No unfriendliness,antagonism or hostility could find permanent abode in the heart of Muhammed.His heart was absolutely free of injustice, of malice, of tyranny or falsepride.

In the most decisive moment, Allah gave him power over his enemy.However, Rasulullahchose to forgive, therby giving all mankind and all the generations themost perfect example of goodness, truthfulness, nobility and magnanimity.After the Khutbah Rasulullahsat on top of Mount Safa and the Muslims took the pledge of loyalty toAllah and His Rasul.He then asked Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (R.A.) to accept the pledge of thewomenfolk while he made dua to Allah for their forgiveness. Hazrat Bilal(R.A.) was asked to call the first Adhaan in Makkah. His rich beautifulvoice echoed throughout Makkah.The destruction of the idols in and around Ka'ba meant the eventualdisappearance of the idols in Arabia.

The attention of the people of Arabiawas on the Quraish whether they were going to accept Islam. Most of thembecame Muslims but there were others however, who continued their own formof worship. Rasulullahdid not impose any conditions upon them but he persisted on peace and harmonyamong all the people, regardless of their religious beliefs.

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The concessionso impressed the non believers that in due course nearly all the peopleof Makkah became Muslims.Rasulullahthen issued a proclamation prohibiting any idol in a Muslim home. He orderedthe destruction of all idols in and around Makkah. Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid(R.A.) was sent with a cavalry of 30,000 to an oasis where they laid wastethe great idol 'Uzza' to the ground. Su'a', the idol of Bani Hazeel andthe famous 'Manat' at Qadeed were razed to the ground.After the conquest of Makkah Rasulullahspent 15 days in the city, during which he organized the affairs of Makkahand instructed its people in Islam. During this period, he sent forth delegationsto call men peacefully to Islam without shedding blood and to destroy theidols.Certain arch enemies of Islam were pardoned by Rasulullahand they embraced Islam. Hinda the wife of Abu Soofyaan ibn Harb who had disemboweledthe martyred body of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) Rasulullahinspite of the detestable mutilation of the body of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.)forgave her.

Hinda when she returned to her house, lavished insults onher private family idol:'O powerless idol! How mad we all were to rely on thy assistance andhelp'! And she smashed it to pieces.

Ikrimah the son of Abu Jahl, who hadorganized the ambush that nearly entrapped Hazrat Khaild ibn Walid (R.A.)and his cavalry, had fled to the sea coast. Umme Hakim, daughter of alHarith ibn Hisham and the wife of Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl converted to Islamand sought pardon for her husband directly from Rasulullah.She was granted it.

Rasulullahalso forgave Safwan ibn Umayyah who accompanied Ikrimah on his escape towardsthe sea and thence to Yaman.Habbar bin Aswad had maltreated Hazrat Zainab binte Muhammed (R.A.)when she was leaving Makkah for Madinah. She was far advance in pregnancyand as she was mounting her camel, Habbar ibn Aswad drove the butt endof his lance against her, throwing her to the ground, and eventually causingher death. Fearing deserved punishment, he fled. After hiding for sometime he presented himself before Rasulullahand embraced Islam in all sincerity. The wrong was great; the crime wasatrocious- but the injury was personal. Pardon was unconditionally granted.Wahshi al Habashi (R.A.), the slayer of Hazrat Hamza (R.A.) was pardonedafter embracing Islam.As the Ansar of Madinah witnessed all this, and as they saw Rasulullahon the top of Mount Safa inviting the Makkans to embrace Islam, they fearedhe might now give up Madinah and settle in his native city Makkah. It wasquite likely that Rasulullahwould now make Makkah his capital.

Rasulullahinquired concerning their fears and said:'Never by Allah! I have pledged to join you in life and death.

I shallremain true to my promise'.Evidently, neither relative, nor native city, nor even the Holy Ka'baitself could change Rasulullahfrom not honoring his pledge he once gave to those who stood by him inhis hour of need. His word given at the conclusion of the 'Covenant ofAqabah' was to be honored in exemplary faithfulness and loyalty.Inter-Islam 1998-2001 ©.